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Battery is where the defendant intentionally or recklessly applies unlawful physical force on the victim. Some key cases on battery include R v Ireland, DPP v K, Fagan v MPC, R v Day, R v Thomas, Faulkner v Talbot, Donnelly v Jackman, Collins v Wilcock and Haystead v DPP. The actus reus of battery is the application of unlawful physical force and the mens rea is intention or recklessness as to the application of such force. Contentious issues include whether the force applied was unlawful or whether it was directly applied. Battery is a summary offence with a maximum penalty of 6 months. It is a common law offence with the punishment set by statute and the legal definition defined in case law.